**William Shakespeare**

** William Shakespeare **

William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was John Shakespeare and his mother was Mary Arden.At the age of 18 Shakespeare married, to Anne Hathaway. The marriage may have been forced, as Anne was already 3 months pregnant with a daughter, Susanna. This first child was followed by twins Hamnet and Judith in 1585.

The next 7 years of Shakespeare's life are a mystery.

Shakespeare fled his home and family to follow the life of an actor in London. London's theatres were closed in 1593 due to an outbreak of the plague. Shakespeare preferred to stay in London and he began to gain recognition as a writer with his work such as “Venus and Adonius” and “Rape of Lucrece”. He was fortunate to find a patron, Henry Wriothsley, Earl of Southampton, to support him in his writing. “Venus and Adonius” was wildly successful, and it was this work that first brought the young writer widespread recognition.

Apart from his longer poetry, Shakespeare also began writing his sonnets during this period, perhaps at the behest of Southampton's mother, who hoped to induce her son to marry.When the theatres reopened in 1594, Shakespeare was a playwright .He writing and performing for the theatre company .Shakespeare became an investor in the company.Finally,he retired around 1611 and died in 1616.

From the book :
The Cambridge companion to Shakespearean tragedy edited by Claire McEachern
.A routledge Literary Sourcebook on William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice Edited by S.P.Cerasano

From the web:
http://www.biographyinfo.com/shakespearebiography/

*Soravong Siriboonpanta ID. 4907640181

*Atichai Sirithanapisarn ID. 49076411072

**Queen Elizabeth**

Queen Elizabeth I, whose era was the golden age of England’s history, was the queen of England and Ireland between1558 and 1603 AD. She was born on 7 September 1553 as the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth I was very well educated (fluent in Greek, Latin, Italian, and French).

Also, she had the most fabulous talent in public speaking. Elizabeth I acceded to the throne on 17 November 1558. A year later, she advocated protestants. She maintained the authority of the Monarchy against the pressures of Parliament as well. Elizabeth I was an economical queen because she did not spend money to promote literature, art, and architecture.

By the time, Elizabeth I passed away on 24 March 1603. Later, King James I, the son of Mary, Queen of Scotland, acceded to the throne.


From Encyclopedia of Renaissance (2) by Paul F. Grendler, editor in chief. Imprint of the Gate group

Renaissance and Reformation: Biographies. By Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph

www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth.html

Interview : Mr.Nattanat leawpairoj
B.Ed. second honor,chulalongkorn university

*Ong-on Sahachairungrueng I.D.4907640173
*Chulisa Kajonrerk I.D.4907641007

**Printing Press [Johann Gutenburg]**

Gutenberg’s invention

There was the printing before Gutenberg but it’s just woodblock technology. The advantage of his inventions was, dividing it in its own component such as lower and upper case letter. He cut each letter in to steel block. Then create a matrix by placing the punch on square block made of copper and striking it vertically.

Johannes Gutenberg is the “Father of Printing” In 13th Century. He invented the ink printing that composite suitably with print alloy. And his first successful invention in 1455 was bible, called “Gutenberg Bible or 42 line bible”.

For the Press Printing, Chinese used wood blocks for pressing on the paper but they were not strong enough, easily to wear out.

In 1438, Gutenberg had developed the way of printing, printing press, mold, ink printing and the paper for better using. In 1450, he invented the casting of iron block. So, it makes blocks of printing be more useful. It could be reused for several times. Not like wood blocks.

After his successful, book publishing. He found a terrible situation which was a numerous of debt he made by loaning the money for his printing press experiment.

Sources: http://www.thaipressasso.com/hotnews/news_thai.htm
http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/english/erfindun.htm

Translated From – “General Knowledge of printing”, Sukothai Thammathiratch University
"Written by Vice Professor, Suppanee Reablerdharan"

*Anuth Duangmarn I.D. 4907640025
*Wuttikrai Songsermsawad I.D. 4907640355